American Indians And Alaskan Natives - 1982 Words

American Indians and Alaskan Natives have a relationship with the federal government that is unique due to the â€Å"trust relationship† between the US and American Indians/Alaskan Natives (AI/ANs) who are entitled to health care services provided by the US government by virtue of their membership in sovereign Indian nations. In order to contextualize the complex nature of Indian health programs it is necessary to become versed in the political and legal status of Indian tribes. Through numerous constitutional, legislative, judicial, executive rulings, and orders that were largely associated with the succession of land and subsequent treaty rights; the health care of AI/ANs has been one of many responsibilities guaranteed by the federal government. The foundations of which can be traced back to the year 1787. The ceded land has been interpreted in courts to mean that healthcare and services were in a sense prepaid by AI/AN tribes and 400 million acres of land. The misco nception of â€Å"free healthcare† and a conservative political disdain from so called entitlement programs have also led to misconceptions regarding the federal government’s responsibility to provide health care and services to AI/ANs. Rhoades (2000) has argued that tribal sovereignty is the overarching principle guiding Indian health care on a daily basis.1 This paper will examine the history surrounding federally mandated healthcare to AI/ANs, pertinent issues of sovereignty, as well as case studies in tribalShow MoreRelatedEssay about Health Promotion in American Indian and Native Alaskan1161 Words   |  5 Pageshealthcare and or the ability to change cultural perspectives to ensure healthy lifestyles. Within this paper, the health of American Indian and Alaskan Native populations will be discussed along with the barriers to care and the health disparities within this culture. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) the number of American Indian or Alaskan Native (AI/AN) residents residing within the US was 4.5 million in 2013 and among that population 14.3% were considered in fairRead MoreDescriptive Epidemiology : American Indian And Native Alaskan Populations On Reservations798 Words   |  4 PagesDescriptive Epidemiology American Indian and Native Alaskan populations on reservations or in urban areas have had extreme difficulty with the use of Alcohol. An average of 43.9% of AI/AN adults reported using alcohol within the last month, which is considerably higher compared to the national average of 30.6%. (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA], 2011). Furthermore, 30% of American Indians reporting usage of alcohol within the last month also reported engaging inRead MoreMental Health Is A Never Ending Concern For The American Population Essay1305 Words   |  6 PagesMental Health is a never-ending concern for the American population due to the lack of data. This lack of date fails to give accurate information and better understanding on seeing how suffers of mental health illness is being addressed. Due to the unpredictability of when a mental illness may strike would be the leading factor to fully link how to predict and quickly find corrective resources to better educat ed, or reach the right people to better manage their mental health. Therefore, many communitiesRead MoreIndian Health Services898 Words   |  4 PagesIndian Health Service (IHS) The Indian Health Service is an operational division agency within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHA), which is responsible for providing medical and health care services for federally recognized Indian and Alaskan Native American tribes within the United States ranging from community health to primary health care services. The Indian Health Service provides health care and medically needed services to American Indians in health care organizations andRead MoreHealth Promotion Among Diverse Population1142 Words   |  5 Pagesphysical well being, the health of most Americans has increasingly improved. However, the same cannot be said of the health of American Indians and Alaskan Natives. Health improvements for American Indians and Alaska Natives have not improved, with health disparities still existing in areas such as:   infant mortality, chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, asthma, obesity, cirrhosis and liver disease, arthritis, smoking, a nd cancer (Indian Health, n.d.). According to the 2000Read MoreThe American Dental Association Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesIn the United States alone, millions of Native Americans on reservations are stifled from receiving the much needed dental care they require, the consequences are harmful to their health and prosperity. Tribal sovereignty is defined as the right for an independent tribal authority to govern its members. In regards to dental care, this is the right to train, license, and employ medical professionals. Currently, this system is not working. Native Americans and are faced with oral ailments at a alarminglyRead MoreThe State Of Dental Care For Native Americans Essay1205 Words   |  5 Pagesstance; healthcare is a service that all people should have access to, private, or public. In the wealthiest country in the world, millions of Native Americans on reservations are stifled from receiving the much needed dental care they deserve, and the consequences are harming. The state of dental care for Native Americans is appalling. Native Americans are faced with oral ailments at a ridiculously disproportionate rate compared to other ethnic or cultural groups, and have limited access to adequateRead MoreHealth Issue : Diabetes Mellitus1670 Words   |  7 Pagesyears or older with diagnosed Diabetes). Population: American Indians/ Alaskan Natives have the highest predominance among all racial populations in the United States in regards to Diabetes mellitus. The rate of diagnosed diabetes among American Indians/ Alaskan Natives is almost 16% as of June 2014 (ADA, 2014). The rates reported for American Indians/ Alaskan Natives were fundamentally higher than non- Hispanic whites and Asian Americans, yet the positions of Hispanics (12.8%) and non- HispanicRead MoreA Selected Leading Cause Of Death And State Why This Was Chosen1310 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduce your selected leading cause of death and state why this was chosen. According to the American Liver Foundation, a healthy liver cleans blood, fights infection processes food and stores energy. The liver is able to regenerate itself, but when it becomes too damaged or is prevented from regenerating, it will fail and no longer be able to keep able to keep one alive (2015). Despite its ability to regenerate, chronic liver disease and cirrhosis is the twelfth leading cause of death of deathRead MoreAmerican Indian Health Care Coverage Essay1091 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Indian Health Care Coverage The history of the American Indians after the European invasion of the New World is not a pleasant topic. Everyone wants to believe the stories that are told about Squanto, the Pilgrims and the harmony of the first Thanksgiving and then skip the next three hundred years of oppression and racism. Unfortunately, the next three hundred years happened and by the 20th century most Indian tribes as well as their traditional ways of life, had been extinguished. Despite

What Is The Process Of The Deliverlosure Process - 1794 Words

Introduction During the course of a project at some point you will consider that time has progressed to the point that the client/user and service entity â€Å"one performing the project† that close out procedures are forthcoming as the last phase of the project life cycle. The close out phase starts to occurs at the point the client begins to confirm that they are satisfied and in acceptance of the established prior agreed deliverables are being meet. PMBOK states that â€Å"the obligation to the customer, the contractual obligation to the customer is to provide the customer with the finished product according to the agreed upon criteria for acceptance (p.52). This is accomplished as the turning over of the intended project deliverable to its†¦show more content†¦The contract deliverables was for new windows, sills, trim and vinyl siding on the house and matching on the new garage, Concrete driveway 12’ by 87’ in length reinforced 4† slab. Haul in new sub grade and proper disposal of existing sub-grade. Before work, commenced permits and government agencies need to be contacted to communicate the intent of the process. Note: concerns arose as to full contractual performance however, the male owner would come out yelling and screaming on a daily basis and as well like clockwork the female would come out after him and apologizing for his behavior. Complaints came in as the driveway is not wide enough, the windows are not as they chose and they want a wall built down the center of the garage because the trusses have a cut end in the center, as well as rain is washing dirt down the city drain sewer. Explained the matter to the building inspector, and made assessment as to a checklist as well as a statement of acceptance to building standards, I knew the sponsors would not contribute to this step of our closeout. In my expert decision the project was complete at this point and since I included the inspectors report as to meeting with the sponsor all complaints were not of defect of performance merely complaints of adding to the project outside of the contract. This project ended with the owner committing suicide from hanging on the engineered trusses in the garage that was

A Case Study of BHP Billiton-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Occupational safety and health hazards in your chosen Organization. Answer: Introduction With rapid development and advancement of industry, there has been rising concerns in occupational and health hazards. The health risks have no limitation in external space. However, it is present in internal environment, which is known as occupational health hazards. Worker exposure to health hazards is biological, physical, chemical or psychological in nature. Occupational health signifies long term as well as short-term risks related to the workplace environment and in the field of occupational safety and health. On the other hand, development of an organization relies on efficiency of the workforce. Thus, it is important to create safe and healthy work environment for the workers. In the present study, health and occupational hazards in BHP Billiton is evaluated. The study describes organizational context regarding occupational and health hazards and literature review related to risk identification and risks analysis as well as evaluation. Apart from this, recommendations are pro vided in the current study. Organizational context In the present study, BHP Billiton has been considered as a case study organization. BHP Billiton is a mining company where health and safety measures pose an important aspect for the company (Jilcha Kitaw 2017). Hence, the organization set clear requirements in their projects with minimum mandatory controls to mange as well as protect health and wellbeing of the workers in the company. The harmful health risks as well as agents at the workplace of the company consists if exposure to musculoskeletal stressor, noise, dust of coal mine, silica as well as diesel particulate matter. Thus, it is important to manage the exposure with internally occupational health exposure (Albert et al. 2014). In this case, it is important to involve with regulators as well as OEL setting agencies and benchmark against peers along with seeking independent advice. Apart from this, safety for the workers of the company exposes the workers as well as contractors to risk. Thus, the objective of the company is identification of risks and implements control or mitigation techniques (Bice 2014). The project management group of the company has set global safety priorities in order to guide decision-making as well as safety approach for safety. The standard helps to define a number of common safety risks and minimum controls. The operation evaluates further controls for managing risks at operation in order to encounter with objective of no fatalities. Literature review Risk identification: It is important to identify, evaluate as well as manage risks to workers, contractors, environment and communities in the organization. In BHP Billiton, following risks are required to identify as followed. Reinforce the safety comes before the process of productivity Emphasize on in-field verification of material as well as fatal risks Improve internal investigation procedure, widely share and apply lessons and Enable extra quality field time to involve workplace The performance of BHP Billiton in the field of health, safety, environment as well as community is driven through commitment of the people and effective management of risks alon with pursuit of operational excellence. Integration of the health and occupational hazards responsibilities, it is important to develop effective integration of responsibilities as well as objectives that can be articulated by the strategic framework of the company. In working towards achieving zero harm to people, the organization developed the following principle for safety leadership (Boiral Henri 2017). People need to be aware of hazards as well as risks in workplace. Compliance with safety standards along with procedure are not considered as absolute. The principal causes of important incidents remained as consistent over the current years. The organization has set up performance expectations into distinctive aspects of operations. Conduction of exercise has a valuable forum in order to learn and share knowledge across the enterprise (Caldwell et al. 2015). Through operations and products, it can affect health of the employees, communities as well as customers in positive and negative ways. It is important to focus on occupational health initiatives is evaluating and minimizing the level of exposure to hygiene risks in the project site of the company. Hence, improvement in occupational health as well as hygiene programs that will be helpful to manage the process in the organization (Saenz 2018). However, data from operations can indicate that there is one third of employees are potentially exposed in the organization to the noise level that exceeds 85 dBA time-weighted average as well as one-fifth are exposed to the level of occup ational exposure limits. Hence, the actual exposure of the staffs needs to be measured by the organization. Hence, the actual exposure of the workers of BHP Billiton includes exposure limits where measures are required to be taken. It includes engineering and designing for minimizing personal protective equipment. The organization has been maintained that consistent upper quartile will be helpful for process. It has been reported that 1.7% of the employees are affected by occupational illness (Fuisz-Kehrbach 2015). It comprised 1.3% diagnosis with the noise generated hearing loss. In addition, target has been set by minimizing occupational illness. It is also required for development of occupational disease along with the requirement of occupational health hazards. Risk analysis and evaluation There are several health initiatives produced for the workers throughout the organization. Several sites can operate health and wellness programs in order to help workers optimizing the level of personal health. Education is one of the programs through which staffs can optimize level of personal health (Murphy et al. 2016). Strong focus is required to the major academic community. In addition, it is required to manage threat of the diseases in the organization. Responsibilities in relation to the potential health effects of the products on the customers are included in the process (Retzer et al. 2017). During the period, health and safety measured need to be taken by the industry. The external groups as well as organizations recognize the awards through various operations. Substantial progress is made during the ongoing process and implementation of the management standards along with related management systems. The environmental performance is measured by ensuring that the information generated is complete as well as accurate (Baum et al. 2016). On the other hand, due to various classification as well as calculation methodologies are comparable in parameters. Research and development activities for mitigating the risks are focused. BHP Billiton follows accepted accounting principle in order to provide site rehabilitation. The provision for site rehabilitation is processed effectively. The activities as resources of the organization may have impact on natural environment (Stewart Nite 2017). The quality of social performance data enhanced sustainability over sustainability reporting period. Hence, implementation of management standards as well as requirement for community relations management plan is useful to increase awareness of the requirement as well as report data related to the aspect and community. The significant occupation illness within the organization is noise-induced loss in hearing along with occupational respiratory diseases (Sincovich et al. 2018). It is important to focus and minimize exposures where it is possible. Environmental performance across the organization needs to be improved. In addition, it is important to categorize risks in projects. The level of risks is categorized based on the potential harm or adverse health that has effect on hazards. In addition, the exposure needs to be classified as highs single exposure that may cause potential fatal, whereas the risks are related to the process (Gereffi et al. 2016). Control measures including the actions need to minimize potential of the exposures to hazards. Apart from these, the control measures would be secured by guarding and moving parts of the machinery by elimination of potential for contract (Asif Chen 2016). Elimination of hazards is not achieved by removing hazards as well as eliminates the risk of exposure. Substitution of the hazards need to remove the hazards related to the process or activities and may introduce distinctive hazards for overall harm along with health effects. Isolation of hazards need to be achieved by making restriction of access to plant as well as equipments in substances locking. Recommendations Effective controls need to be taken in BHP Billiton in order to mitigate security measures for the organization. The measures will be helpful to avoid injuries, illness as well as incidents and reduce or eliminate safety and health risks. Moreover, it assists the employers providing workers safe as well as healthful working conditions. Apart from these, in order to control and prevent hazards, the employers need to be taken for mitigating security risks. It is required to involve employees having sound knowledge regarding the conditions of creating hazards as well as insights into the process to be controlled. Identification as well as evaluation of controlling hazards using hierarchy of controls in helpful is useful for the organization to mitigate the security issues and hazards in managing their projects. Development of plans with specific measures in order to protect workers during emergency conditions as well as non-routine activities would be beneficial. Evaluating the effectiveness of the existing controls in order to determine they continue providing protection will be helpful for the process. It is required to provide protection and different controls that need to be effective for the organization. Reviewing new technologies for potential and implementing controls need to be processed according to the plan. Development of the plan with measures in order to protect workers during emergences as well as non-routine activities would be useful to mitigate the health and occupational hazards in BHP Billiton. The organization need to collect, organize as well as review information with the employees in order to determine the types of hazards present and workers may be exposed. Information available in the workplace may include the following. Reviewing sources like OSHA standards as well as guidance for industry consensus standards as well as engineering reports in order to identify potential control measures would be useful to identify control options. In addition, it is required to keep current on related information from trade organization needs to be included in the process. It is important to investigate control measures utilized in workplace as well as determine the process, which would be effective at workplace. Getting input from employees required to able for suggesting and evaluating solutions based on knowledge of facility, equipments along with work process is included in the process. However, for complicated hazards, it is required to consult safety as well as health experts consisting of on-site consultation program of OSHA would assist the process. Selection of controls needs to be feasible, effective as well as permanent. Elimination of controls over serious hazards immediately can assist to accomplish the process. Use of interim controls during development and implementation of longer tem solution is included in the plan. It is also required to avoid selecting controls, which can directly control options and need to ensure the controls as feasible as well as effective in its nature. Moreover, development of hazard control plan in BHP Billiton will be helpful for the workers of the organization to mitigate health and occupational hazards in the organization. Conclusion From the above study, it concludes that it is important for an organization to take effective measures and proper planning in terms of managing projects effectively. In addition, it is required to provide opportunities to make interactions in order to enhance safety performance. On the other hand, pre-start meetings and in-field leaders for discussing job-specific safety risks would be helpful for managing safety risks. It is required to undertake activities improving physical and mental well-being of the staffs. It consists of provision of preventative health measures. Adaption of mental health framework is useful for supporting as well as pro-active management of mental wellbeing of the employees. The work of health, safety and environment committee has an important role to monitor implementation process and ensure plans for enhancement are in proper place. Substantial progress will be helpful to mitigate health for occupational hazards in the organization. References Albert, P.J., Werhane, P. Rolph, T., 2014. Introduction. InGlobal Poverty Alleviation: A Case Book(pp. 1-11). Springer, Dordrecht. Asif, Z. Chen, Z., 2016. Environmental management in North American mining sector.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,Vol. 23, No. 1, pp.167-179. Baum, F.E., Sanders, D.M., Fisher, M., Anaf, J., Freudenberg, N., Friel, S., Labont, R., London, L., Monteiro, C., Scott-Samuel, A. Sen, A., 2016. Assessing the health impact of transnational corporations: its importance and a framework.Globalization and health,Vol. 12, No. 1, p.27. Bice, S., 2014. What gives you a social licence? An exploration of the social licence to operate in the Australian mining industry.Resources,Vol. 3, No. 1, pp.62-80. Boiral, O. Henri, J.F., 2017. Is sustainability performance comparable? A study of GRI reports of mining organizations.Business Society,Vol. 56, No. 2, pp.283-317. Caldwell, B. Hinton, J., 2015, March. Data Drilling: Changing the Way the Oil and Gas Industry Manages Safety and Risk. InSPE EP Health, Safety, Security and Environmental Conference-Americas. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Fuisz-Kehrbach, S.K., 2015. A three-dimensional framework to explore corporate sustainability activities in the mining industry: Current status and challenges ahead.Resources Policy,Vol. 12, pp.101-115. Gereffi, G., Bamber, P. Fernandez-Stark, K., 2016. Promoting Decent Work in Global Supply Chains in Latin America and the Caribbean: Key Issues, Good Practices, Lessons Learned and Policy Insights. Jilcha, K. Kitaw, D., 2017. Industrial occupational safety and health innovation for sustainable development.Engineering science and technology, an international journal,Vol. 20, No. 1, pp.372-380. Murphy, F., Sheehan, B., Mullins, M., Bouwmeester, H., Marvin, H.J., Bouzembrak, Y., Costa, A.L., Das, R., Stone, V. Tofail, S.A., 2016. A tractable method for measuring nanomaterial risk using Bayesian networks.Nanoscale research letters,Vol. 11, No. 1, p.503. Retzer, K., Snawder, J., Faist, A., Anson, S., Markovich, E., Hyman, C. Burket, W., 2017, April. Working Together to Prevent Worker Exposures during Gauging and Sampling Activities. InSPE Health, Safety, Security, Environment, Social Responsibility Conference-North America. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Saenz, C., 2018. The Context in Mining Projects Influences the Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy to Earn a Social Licence to Operate: A Case Study in Peru.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management. Sincovich, A., Gregory, T., Wilson, A. Brinkman, S., 2018. The social impacts of mining on local communities in Australia.Rural Society, pp.1-17. Stewart, P. Nite, D.K., 2017. From fatalism to mass action to incorporation to neoliberal individualism: worker safety on South African mines, c. 19552016.Review of African Political Economy,Vol. 44, No. 152, pp.252-271.

Oedipus Rex Essays (311 words) - Oedipus The King, Oedipus, Operas

Oedipus Rex Characters in the play Oedipus the King attempt to block the horrible outcome of the gods' oracle. The first people to do so were Oedipus' mother and father, Laius and Jocasta. After hearing the unmoral and disruptive prediction, they attempted to execute their own child. Their belief in the gods was this strong. Resulting in their actions, Oedipus grew up thinking that the king and queen of Corinth were his parents. After Oedipus, himself, went to Apollo to hear his oracle he left Corinth thinking he were to do these deeds to the people he thought of to be his parents. In return, his actual parents, Laius and Jocasta doomed themselves. Oedipus' attempt to run from his prophecy ended up condemning himself and his parents. Characters attempt to change the fate, when they already know Oedipus' inevitable destiny. The characters in this play feel that they, for some reason, have the powers to play with the gods. If the gods' gave an unpleasant oracle, it did not matter, what the gods said went. These people did not like what they heard, but decided to work against the gods. They thought they could out do them, by sacrificing their only child. They tried simply because they did not want this unbearable fate to come true. Who would want to be ended by their own kin? There can not really be a conflict between Oedipus and Fate. His fate was predetermined, which means he could have done nothing about it, he had no choice. Oedipus may try to fight it or beat it, but it is his destiny and bound to happen. He and his parents, may have thought they could have done something to prevent the predicted of becoming reality, but they had no chance. In a way, there was a struggle, but it was Oedipus against an indestructible force which would not be budged. He was born with his fate, and it was not going to be changed, for any reason.

Proposal Essay Professor Ramos Blog

Proposal Essay Assignment: Proposal

How to Write a Dissertation in Shakespeare Studies the Only Guide You Need for Success

How to Write a Dissertation in Shakespeare Studies the Only Guide You Need for Success A dissertation is an academic paper that details your research and findings on a particular topic and is the result of the work you carried out as a part of your efforts to earn an academic degree. In fact, the quality of your dissertation accounts for 90 percent of how your candidature is going to be evaluated, which means that you should spare no effort in gathering information, doing research and writing it up. A dissertation is an extremely time-consuming, complex and just plain difficult assignment to write, as it requires you to choose a sufficiently original venue of research, comprehensively study the existing body of literature on the subject, carry out your research following a carefully established methodology and provide plenty of proof for your hypothesis. There can be no half-measures: dissertation committees are always extremely strict and attentive to details in their evaluations, and even mild mistakes or flaws can mean rewriting the entire work from scratch or even having to choose another subject and start over. When it comes to Shakespeare studies, things are even more complicated. It is a narrow field that has a rather firmly delineated research methods and principles, and it is quite easy to make an error that will force you to, at the very least, rewrite huge swathes of your work. How to Choose an Original Topic for Your Shakespeare Studies Dissertation One of the main problems you are going to encounter when selecting a topic for your dissertation is that Shakespeare studies is a fairly narrow field that has been meticulously and systematically studied for centuries. It is limited to the works of a single author, and it is only very rarely that something genuinely new is discovered about them. In effect, you have to find a new topic in a field that has been picked clean of any original research questions – ultimately it can turn out to be a greater challenge than the writing per se. However, there are ways to streamline the process of selection and make sure you find a reasonably creative topic. 1. Focus on a Particular Work With about 40 plays, over 150 sonnets, two long narrative poems and a few other smaller works attributed to William Shakespeare, you have a lot to choose from. Focus on a specific work is a viable option. However, each of them has already been the subject of its fair share of research, which means that generic topics like â€Å"The Image of Caliban in The Tempest† are not a very good idea. Try looking for an unusual angle to study the work of your choice, for example: Comparison with another of Shakespeare’s writings; Specific element of imagery or symbolism in the play; Its relation to other Shakespeare’s works of the period; Shakespeare’s interpretation of the historical setting he uses; Popular scholarly arguments related to the play; Peculiarities of language and rhetorical devices used in this particular writing. 2. Focus on the Authorship of the Writing For the most prominent playwright in the English literature, surprisingly little is known about Shakespeare, his life and work. Even now scholars are not 100 percent sure that he wrote all the texts attributed to him by general consensus, and different authorities have different opinions on the provenance of some of these works. Some texts, like Arden of Faversham, have possibly been written by Shakespeare, with no comprehensive evidence for or against it. Others, like Edward III, have been printed anonymously and have strong indications of at least partial authorship by Shakespeare. Still others, like Henry VIII, were collaborations between Shakespeare and other authors, but nobody knows for sure which parts were written by whom. Other, less popular theories, claim that Shakespeare did not even write the plays commonly attributed by him, and even that Shakespeare himself was no more than a collaborative pseudonym of a group of writers. All this opens a rich venue for research. 3. Focus on Historical Background and How It Is Reflected in Shakespeare’s Work The theatre of the Elizabethan age was quite different from what we are used to now, and it is important to take into account that Shakespeare wrote his plays with contemporary realia in mind. It is commonly known that women were not allowed on stage during this period; there are, however, many more peculiarities that influenced the way Shakespeare constructed his plays. For example, Elizabethan theatre typically used large stages that could accommodate many people at once, which allowed for large scenes, sometimes divided into several individual smaller scenes indicating events happening simultaneously. At the same time, the audience was seated far closer to the scene than today, with a sharp vertical gradient – this means that actors could talk in stage whispers and still be heard by all attending. These are just two examples of how the medium influenced the plays – you can dig further and find other factors. 4. Focus on a Specific Theme across Multiple Works Like any other writer, Shakespeare had a number of themes that dominated more than one of this works. You can choose one of them and analyze its importance across several texts. The themes can range from something simple and self-evident, like love, friendship or politics, to complex ideas of your own creation. 5. Focus on Shakespeare’s Language The English used by Shakespeare was very different from the English we all are used to today, to the point that his unadapted texts are almost unintelligible for a modern English speaker without a hefty dose of references. Not only did the language go through many changes since then, but it also was far less standardized at the time, which leads to further confusion. Naturally, all this opens up great possibilities for research, aimed at such things as: Alternative translations of words and phrases; Alternative interpretations of the more obscure fragments of the original texts; Deeper analysis of meaning based on better understanding of particular words and phrases; And so on. All in all, despite Shakespeare’s work having been thoroughly studied for generations, there are still topics to be researched. Here are some ideas you may find useful: The Role of Structure in Expression of the Meaning in Shakespearean Sonnets; Parent-Children Relations in Shakespearean Plays and Their Connection to the Poet’s Family; Shakespearean Fool as the Voice of Reason at the Center of Insane World; Edward III and Its Authors: Shakespeare’s Role in the Play’s Creation; The Influence of the Principles of Elizabethan Theatre on the Structure of Julius Caesar. How to Properly Structure Your Dissertation in Shakespeare Studies A dissertation is a highly complex piece of work, with different colleges and other educational institutions having their own ideas of how exactly one should structure it. This means that the plan we offer here is just a recommendation – if your supervisor gives you instructions that differ or contradict what you see here, you should naturally follow the guidelines provided by your university. For example, a dissertation may be structured as a long essay, with a main thesis, an argument supporting it flowing through the entire body of the paper and chapters covering individual points or themes. However, what you will find here can help you better understand what you should write in different parts of your paper if they are present in the structure you are offered. Title Page The requirements for a title page differ from college to college and professor to professor, but normally you put all identifying information about your paper here: its title, your name and department, your college, degree program you write your dissertation for, submission date, etc. Ask your supervisor what exactly and in what order you should write. Acknowledgements An optional part to list everybody you want to thank for their help in writing the dissertation. Abstract Here you provide a short summary of your research. Although it usually goes as the first meaningful part of a dissertation, it should be that last part of it you write, because by the time you work on it you should already know how your research went and what results you achieved. A typical abstract is about 200-300 words long and contains: The main topic and purpose of your research; Your methodology; The most important results; Conclusions you have come to. Despite its negligible size, an abstract is probably the most important part of a dissertation, as it is the first (and often the only) part of it that the audience reads. So make sure it is short, clear and to the point. Table of Contents This part contains all the headings and subheadings of your dissertation along with the accompanying page numbers. Make sure you include all parts here, including the appendices. Glossary This part should be included if you used many obscure terms and expressions that some of the readers may not know. Put them in alphabetical order and give short definitions. Introduction Introduction leads up to the main part of your research, and should delineate your dissertation’s topic, define your research goals and explain why your work is important and relevant. It performs the following functions: Names the topic and provides basic background data; Defines the focus of your research and separates it from irrelevant information; Provides a short overview of the existing research on the subject matter, mentioning how your work refers to it, why it is necessary and what new information you hope to uncover; Defines the questions you want to answer and sets your goals; Gives a short overview of the paper’s structure. The introduction should answer three questions: what, why and how you intend to research. Answer them in as few words and as directly as you can. Literature Review No academic work exists in isolation, especially in such a heavily researched field as Shakespeare studies. In this part, you show that you have sufficient knowledge of the existing literature on the subject. This means that by the time you write this part you should: Gather relevant sources. The majority of them should come from peer-reviewed academic journals and books by recognized authorities on Shakespeare, although other sources should be used as well. The best approach is to maintain balance: use some high-authority sources and other types, such as websites, bestselling books and so on, to show the breadth of your research. You can find most sources you need using online academic search engines and databases like Google Scholar, EBSCO Academic Search or JSTOR; Evaluate and sift through them. Some sources are biased or affiliated with organizations that may be the source of tendentious conclusions. Before using a source, try to define if it is to be trusted; Make conclusions based on the bigger picture. You should not just summarize everything that was written on the subject so far, but also show the existing books and articles in relation to each other. For example, you can identify gaps in the research that your work will fill in, conflicts between the existing points of view that you aim to resolve, patterns that can be drawn further, to cover additional works by Shakespeare and so on. Methodology A dissertation is not a freeform assignment; it has to be carried out following a particular set of methods, and in this section, you have to enumerate and explain them. What exactly this section should include depends on the nature of your research, but most often this is: Research type (e.g., qualitative or quantitative); Data collection methods (archives, linguistic analysis, etc.); Information on where and how you have obtained your data; Analysis methods; Equipment and tools you used (e.g., software); Problems you have encountered and how you have dealt with them. This section should carefully describe what and how you did and persuade the reader that your choice of methods was optimal for the chosen research. Results and Discussion Sometimes these constitute a single section, sometimes they are separated – refer to your professor and college guidelines to know for sure. In Results, you enumerate all your findings that are relevant to your original research questions. In Discussion, you analyze what the results of your research mean in relation to research questions and the existing body of research on the topic. Did you expect these results? How can your findings be interpreted alternatively? What are the limitations of your research? What could have influenced the outcome of your work? Conclusion Here you give the answer to your main research question, reflect on your work in its entirety, how you approached your task and point out promising potential venues for further research based on your findings. This section should make it clear how your dissertation added to the existing knowledge on Shakespeare’s work and why it was worth doing. How to Edit Your Dissertation on Shakespeare to Achieve Optimal Results With its complicated structure and numerous sources it is based on, your average dissertation can go wrong in dozens of different ways. Therefore, it is wrong to think that the work on it is finished once you have written the final line. If you want it to be accepted, you have to spend a lot of time editing and perfecting it. Here are a few things you should pay attention to. 1. Review the Guidelines Dissertation committees are extremely strict about the rules. Mistakes in formatting or suchlike can be just as disastrous for the overall result as wrong choice of methodology. Study the formatting style you have been told to use, the guidelines of the college and personal instructions of your professor and make sure you have followed them correctly. 2. Do not Do It in One Sitting You have not written your dissertation in one sitting, and you should not try to do the editing this way. Whether you read it multiple times in search for different types of mistakes or make a single slow sweep correcting all types of mistakes as you go along, break your work into segments and take breaks. When you leave off, mark the place where you finished to continue from it later. 3. Know Your Weaknesses Each person has typical mistakes to look out for. Make a list of mistakes you know you have been making in the past, and check with it as you proofread. 4. Check for Missing and Superfluous Parts As you read your dissertation, analyze it one paragraph at a time and evaluate every detail, asking yourself whether you truly need it to make your point. If not, delete it. When you have finished a paragraph, check if anything is missing and add any information you need to prove its point. 5. Use Proofreading Tools Proofreading tools like Grammarly and Readable are limited in their functionality and cannot replace a determined proofreader, but they can help you notice mistakes and flaws. Just don’t take everything they tell at face value, and you will be alright. Now you are ready to handle your own dissertation without asking anybody for help. Check with our manual as you write, and even the most difficult topic will not give you any trouble!

Managing a diverse workforce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Managing a diverse workforce - Essay Example Understandably, it does not take long for an organization to be subjected to drastic pandemonium when the issues born due to a diverse workforce are not brought into account and analyzed by the management. This essay is basically based on evaluating what evidence literature has to present on the issue of managing a diverse workforce and how correct management holds the potential to influence an organization. The managers in an attempt to save their business from falling prey to mismanaged workforce issues should invest more time in applying the proper diversity and inclusion management techniques as research claims that it not only enhances the company’s market share, but also creates â€Å"a satisfied diverse customer base by relating to people from different backgrounds† (Andrade 2010). It is an established reality that diversity can be readily used by any company as means of strategic advantage in many ways. When managers make efforts to respect diversity by hiring e mployees from varying backgrounds, the society gets the message that the organization does not discriminate against any community and a respect is born for that organization which helps both in terms of financial progress and customer loyalty. Research stresses that in comparison to other countries, the US has a great deal of cultural diversity and it is claimed that the workplace should be taken seriously by managers as it is that place where â€Å"culturally diverse, first generation employees attempt to immerse and make the transition into the American culture† (Botbol 2012). Cultural diversity in America has influenced workplace atmosphere both for better and worse. While some positive effects of cultural diversity include but are not limited to variety of cultural, social, and religious perspectives, and the resulting competitive advantage for the organizations, the negative effects include nasty arguments, occasional racist conflicts, and increased load of training and education of the employees on the employers. Though it is common to see conflicts in any organization where there is a diverse workforce, but resolving such issues through the process of conciliation and ensuring multiple ways of communication together help to control the chaos before it gets out of control. In this way, the people involved in a conflict get a chance to communicate different intricate and often hideous issues encountered by them to their managers. When both parties, the troubled workforce and impartial management, sit down to talk the matter through and inviting each other to propose creative solutions, any complicated condition is resolved most of the times in a facilitated manner. Whenever people from diverse backgrounds get together under different conditions to work for a same company, there is high chance of a cultural shock and in order to save a workplace from being adversely affected as a result of it, the managers should play an active role in helping their employees overcome their biases and understand each other’s cultural beliefs. Culture shock is almost inevitable when people used to one way of living are exposed to a different culture at a workplace.

Brothel Book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Brothel Book - Essay Example A critical analysis of this book shows that Durkheim’s functionalist perspective to deviance as well as Merton’s social structure and anomie theory can be applied to the groups of characters which include the prostitutes and the men who visit the brothel in the above mentioned book. Emile Durkeim suggests that crime is inevitable and he argues that crime is â€Å"an integral part of all healthy societies,† (as cited in Haralambos & Holborn, 1990, p.586). From this perspective, it can be noted that not all individuals are committed to the shared values and moral beliefs of the society. It may be impossible for all the members of the society to be similar and in Durkeim’s words, crime is not only inevitable, but it is functional. He argues that social change begins with some form of deviance and as noted in the definition of deviance above, deviant behaviour can be normal in other societies. In this given book, it can be seen that prostitution is not conside red as deviant behaviour especially by those involved in this practice. It is seen as normal just like any other form of employment. This view is supported by Cohen who developed Durkeim’s ideas when he analyses two functions of crime in a society. Firstly, deviance can be a safety valve providing a relatively harmless expression of discontent while protecting social order (Haralambos & Holborn, 1990). He suggests that prostitution can perform a safety valve function without threatening the fabric of the family. Prostitutes interviewed in this book state that the majority of their clients are married men who will be seeking to relieve their stress and pressure from the demands of their families. The institution of the family is not threatened in this case since the relationship between prostitutes and clients is not binding. On the other hand, Cohen suggests that certain deviant acts are useful in warning that certain aspects of the society are not functioning. For instance, a lot of married couples reveal that their sexual relationship is not satisfactory, the reason why they seek the services of commercial workers to satisfy their sexual desires. In some cases, unsatisfactory sexual relationships among married couples can lead to divorce and the ladies in most cases opt to venture into prostitution. As is the case in this book, a notable number of prostitutes at Mustang brothel are divorcees as a result of unfriendly sexual relationships in their previous marriages. Men on the other hand will solicit for sex from the prostitutes after the marriage has broken down. It can be seen that the element of prostitution is inevitable as long as these negative social trends affecting the institution of the family persist. The other theory that can be applied to the behaviour of the characters in this book is Merton’s social structure and anomie. He argues that deviance results from the culture and structure of society itself (Haralambos & Holborn, 1990). Since members are placed in different class positions in the social structure, it can be noted that they do not have the same opportunity of realising the shared values which leads to deviance. In the given case, many prostitutes interviewed by the author such as Eva revealed that they joined the profession in order to earn a living. Some

Social Media Essay Example for Free

Social Media Essay Social Media Discuss the four components of a legally astute social media marketing manager who utilizes social media outlets for consumer transactions and how each component can mitigate the risk involved in doing business in cyberspace. The four characteristics of a legally astute manager are: an acceptance of how important the law is to the success of the organization, a proactive attitude toward legal issues and regulations, the ability to use informed judgment when faced with decisions involving legal implications, and having the knowledge of specific laws, regulations, tools and resources. Social media marketing manager should be well educated about these four components. Today, more and more companies are using the social media for marketing purposes. Moreover, you might fall far behind, if you don’t. So, it’s important to be well informed about legal aspects of social media, since it’s a new way for building relationships with the customers. List and analyze methods of alternative dispute resolution and determine which would be most effective in resolving genuine disputes that arise with consumers who may make purchases from businesses that provide links via social media. Cortes, P. (n/d) talks about online dispute resolutions: ODR in the consumer context refers to the use of ICT tools and methods (usually alternative to the court system) employed by businesses and consumers (B2C) to settle conflicts that arise out of economic transactions between the parties, particularly in e-commerce. It is often distinguished from other fields where ODR is used, such as in the commercial field (B2B), in the public sphere to resolve government and citizen (G2C) disputes, and in the  resolution of disputes related to intellectual property. A consumer transaction (B2C), akin to a consumer dispute, will be one where an individual, acting on a personal capacity, buys goods or services for his or her personal use. Conversely, a business is an individual or an entity that acts on a professional capacity selling goods or services as part of their profession. In a B2C dispute, the aggrieved party is frequently the consumer as they normally pay in advance for their purchased goods and services. Consequently, the consumer is the weaker party in a dispute where the business has the payment and the experience of dealing with similar disputes. Consumers will often get more involved in the dispute, taking it more personal, and thus requiring a more transformative solution, while the business is mostly interested in resolving the dispute as fast and inexpensively as possible. In certain cases, businesses will be keen in resolving the dispute in order to maintain their reputation. This is relevant when, as it happens in eBay, the buyer leaves feedback after a transaction. When ODR is effectively used in this way, it has an added value for the parties; it increases the consumers’ trust in those online sellers that provide ODR services. Greater trust means that reliable sellers would boost their trade and consumers will be protected from the potential abuse by the dominant party in the transaction. ODR services may be employed to ensure that consumers’ rights are respected by the online vendor, hence enhancing consumers’ confidence in the online transaction.1 As a result, ODR would ultimately enhance the business’s ability to sell while at the same time protecting the consumer’s ability to participate safely in e-commerce. E-commerce is thought to be one of the areas where ODR will flourish as it seems logical for parties that enter into disputes online to use the same medium, the Internet, to resolve their disputes. The resolution of small value disputes that inevitably arise out of millions of transactions taking place every day between parties located far from each other require the use of cost-efficient methods of dispute resolution. Examples of ODR providers that resolve high volume of consumer disputes are eBay and PayPal, which act as third neutral parties encouraging first business and consumers to reach amicable agreements through automated negotiation, and when parties cannot reach consensual agreements, they adjudicate the disputes. Since consumer transactions on social media can occur across state lines, determine how the  federal government can bet control these transactions. Selis; Ramasastry; Kim; Smith (n/d) have noted that the Web have provided tremendous opportunities for both businesses and customers. Businesses can reach lots of customers across the globe in much easier and faster ways. Customers can complete their transactions a lot faster too. They can also find anything they want. However, online transactions also create possibilities for online crime too. Below are some laws that were created by the government for online transaction regulations: The United States does not have a comprehensive privacy statute that governs the collection and use of personally identifiable information, either online or through traditional business practices. There are, however, a number of sector-specific laws that govern the collection and use of data. 1. COPPA Currently, no federal statutes require the placement of privacy policies on Internet web sites other than the Children’s Privacy Protection Act of 1998 (COPPA). COPPA is applicable only to web sites collecting information from children who are younger than 13 years old.53 The law became effective on April 1, 2000. The Act requires Internet operators, including ISPs and web site operators, to: (1) Provide parents with conspicuous notice of what information is collected, how the information will be used, and the websiteÕs disclosure practices; (2) Obtain prior, verifiable parental consent for the collection, use and disclosure of personal information from children (there are limited exceptions); (3) Provide parents the opportunity to view and prevent the further use of personal information that has been collected on the website; (4) Limit collection of personal information for a childÕs online participation in a game, prize offer, or other activity to information that is reasonably necessary for that activity; and (5) Establish and maintain reasonable procedures to protect the confidentiality, security, and integrity of the personal information that is collected. 2. Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Modernization Act (GLBA) The GLBA was signed into law on November 12, 1999 by President Clinton. Title V of the GLBA governs the collection, use, and dissemination of non-public consumer financial information by financial institutions. Gramm-Leach-Bliley requires financial institutions to: (1) Provide clear and conspicuous notice to consumers of their privacy policy upon establishing the customer relationship and at least annually thereafter; (2) Give consumers the opportunity to Ã’opt outÓ of having their non-public personal information disclosed to nonaffiliated third parties; and (3) Provide a reasonable method for consumers to Ã’opt outÓ of such disclosures to nonaffiliated third parties. 3. Other Statutes, Regulations, and Directives Containing Provisions Protecting Privacy of Consumer Information Include: a. Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 (47 USC  ¤521 et seq.,  ¤611) This Act addresses concerns about the ability of interactive cable systems to track cable consumer viewing or buying habits. It prohibits the collection of personally identifiable information without the consumer’s prior consent except as needed to render service provided by the operator or to prevent interception. b. Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Ac t of 1994 (47 USC  ¤Ã‚ ¤1001-1- 10;  ¤1021; 18 USC  ¤2522) This Act establishes protection for cordless telephone conversations and establishes a warrant requirement for government access to e-mail addresses. c. Driver Privacy Protection Act of 1994, and as amended in 1999 This law protects state motor vehicle records and restricts their dissemination to only authorized parties and in many instances only for specified purposes. The 1999 amendments tie state compliance to the appropriation of federal transportation funds for states. d. Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (18 USC  ¤1367,  ¤ 2232,  ¤2510 et seq.,  ¤2701 et seq.,  ¤3117,  ¤3121 et seq.) This Act protects all forms of electronic transmissions, including video, text, audio and data from unauthorized interception.  e. Electronic Fund Transfer Act (15 USC  ¤ 1693) The Act requires financial institutions to include in an initial account disclosure the circumstances under which it will disclose information to third parties. f. Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 USC  ¤1681 et seq.) This Act regulates the disclosure of personal information by consumer credit reporting services. It requires such services to adopt reasonable procedures  to ensure the accuracy of personal information contained in their credit reports. It also provides a process for consumers to review and correct inaccurate information on a credit report. Credit report information can be shared with affiliates when a consumer is told the information may be shared and is given the opportunity to opt out from information sharing with affiliates. The FCRA does not restrict the amount or type of information to be released to third party inquirers when the reporting agency has reason to believe it will be used for credit, employment or insurance evaluations or other Ã’legitimate business needsÓ affecting the individual consumer. It prohibits those who are no credit reporting agencies from disseminating or redistributing credit information. The law does not explicitly address the sharing of transactional, empirical information. This silence has been interpreted by the Office of the Comptroller to mean that the information can be shared freely with third parties. g. Family Education Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (20 USC  ¤1232g) This Act protects the accuracy and confidentiality of student records. h. Federal Trade Commission Act (15 USC  ¤41 et seq.) This Act, which creates the Federal Trade Commission (Ã’FTCÓ) establishes among other things consumer fair business practices and gives the FTC jurisdiction and authority to address unfair, deceptive or misleading business practices. Examine the three branches of government and discuss which can effectuate the most significant impact on regulating significant impact on regulating consumer transactions via social media outlets. The government has three branches: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial.  · Executive: Ruled by the president. The president transfers out federal laws and endorses new ones, leads national defense and foreign policy, and performs ceremonial duties. Authorities include guiding government, commanding the Armed Forces, dealing with international powers, acting as chief law enforcement officer, and rejecting laws.  · Legislative: Ruled by Congress, which includes the House of Representatives and the Senate. The main task of these two bodies is to make the laws. Its powers include passing laws, creating spending bills (House), impeaching officials (Senate), and approving treaties (Senate).  · Judicial Ruled by the Supreme Court. Its authorities include understanding the Constitution, revising laws, and determining cases involving states rights. Explain the agency relationship that exists on social media sites between the social media provider and businesses that utilize the site for advertising. Almost all organizations are trying to use social media in order to reach potential customers. However, it’s not so easy as it sounds. A company should have a certain strategy in order to promote itself on social media. Manage My Socials (2013) explains the social media agency: The social media agency actually works for building new bonds and making the existing bonds stronger among the company and its customers or followers. Once the company becomes famous and people get to know about its existence and start trusting it, half of the work of marketing department is done. Therefore, a few starting years are very crucial for any organization from marketing point of view. Once the company becomes renowned by the general public it becomes easier to make them follow. The area of a social media management encompasses the social media as well as building the online public relationship between the company and its customers stronger and more trustworthy. In addition with the marketing department, the social media agency collaborates with the search, planning, development and customer services departments to fulfill the need and demands of the customers and earning their trust. This also brings about healthy exchange of information within the complete organization of the company. Marketing and communication within the company and outside the company becomes more effective with the involvement of these social media managers. Thus, the overall productivity and efficiency of the other departments is enhanced and the business also flourishes. The scope of a social media agency has increased many folds these days in the modern business strategies. Some organizations seek the services of these managers for specific duration of time while others hire them permanently. Both approaches are equally beneficial for the business  and you should assess which one of them is more suitable for your business. There are some specialized social media management agencies which provide professional and specialized managers to work on a specific project for a specific duration of time.

Characteristics of a Good College Student Essay -- essays research pap

My name is Joshua I am a 20-year-old college sophomore at Georgia Perimeter College. I eat very well, which I have found is in complete contrast with my college peers. According to the National Health Awareness, has an overall average 30% for US colleges and Universities college students tend to skip one meal a day. Most college students don't even know what a healthy diet is, and a large percentage of students who are aware of proper nutrition choose to ignore it. One must have a good diet, learn to plan a good diet by sticking to a consistent routine, and stay away from fast food diet. At Georgia Perimeter College students are unaware of what exactly a good diet is, bad eating habits are unavoidable. The first step to a good diet is eating regular, well-balanced meals. So I found out that the Food Pyramid Guide is the simplest way of balancing my meals. It separates foods into groups and graphs the amount of each group needed in an average person's diet. Students who desire to improve their bad eating habits should study the Food Pyramid Guide. Along with the Food Pyramid Guide, proper consumption of water, vitamins, and minerals is a very important part of a good diet. The Food and Drug Administration recommend 8 glasses of water a day equal to about 1 pound a day. I, along with most of my peers, have a problem consuming this massive amount of tasteless water. Tea and juice can help fill this quota. One of the major problems I have found at my college students diets, as far as beverage consumption, is coke and greasy food. College students are attracted to coke be cause it is easily accessible, cheap, and tasty. Coke may be convenient, but it is not part of a good diet. It is full of sodium, sugar, and caffeine. Dehydration i... ...students have is with fat-free snacks. All low-fat foods have something to replace the fat. That replacement is usually made by sugar, which is high in calories. So, snacking on Snack Well's Devil Chocolate Brownies rather than Chips Ahoy Chocolate Chip Cookies is not watching the diet. Or maybe Mac Donald or Pizza either one is increasing your chance of staying unfit and unhealthy. One tip that I have found that works well for my college life is that I only keep healthy snacks in my locker. Granola bars, baked chips, and fat-free popcorn are a few examples. My favorite module is if I do not have it, I cannot consume it. A second tip- before I eat I think about it. I also ask myself am I really hungry. I often avoid impulse snacking by simply asking myself these two questions. These are just a few easy steps that college students can use to avoid bad eating habits.

Chemical and Physical Properties Essay

Observe the solubility in hot water. c. Tear off approximately 1/2-cm pieces of both red and blue litmus paper. d. Allow the solution to cool, and using the glass stirring rod, transfer a drop of the solution onto a piece of litmus paper. Record the results. Clean the stirring rod. 5. Third test tube: a. Add a few pipet drops of HCl (hydrochloric acid) to the sample and stir. NOTE: Use the test tube holderclamp as some reactions are exothermic, i. e. the test tube may get very hot. Record any apparent reaction or solubility. Clean the stirring rod. 6. Fourth test tube: Add a few pipet drops of NaOH (sodium hydroxide) to the sample. Stir. Record any apparent reaction or solubility. Clean the stirring rod. 7. Thoroughly clean and dry all 4 test tubes. Repeat Steps 2 though 6 with the next substance. Experimental Results Substance: Zn Color: Grey Odor: None Effect of Heat: decreases content curled in with lighter color Solub. Or Reaction w/cold H20: No reaction observed / not soluble Solub. Or Reaction w/ hot H20: Prolonged boiling from retained heat/ non soluble Litmus test: None observed Dilute HCI: positive reaction resulting in the formation of gas, carbonation, and darkened Dilute NaOH: creates foggy substance and blackens solid Substance: Cu Color: Copper Odor: None noted Effect of Heat: Turned black Solub. Or Reaction w/cold H20: not soluble Solub. Or Reaction w/ hot H20: not soluble Litmus test: None observed Dilute HCI: tarnished not observed Dilute NaOH: none observed Substance: Mg Color: Silver Odor: None observed Effect of Heat: increases in dullness Solub. Or Reaction w/cold H20: no reaction observed/ non soluble Solub. Or Reaction w/ hot H20: increased heat / non soluble Litmus test: no change Dilute HCI: rapid boiling and heat Dilute NaOH: liquid is cloudy Substance: MgO Color: White Odor: None observed Effect of Heat: none observed Solub. Or Reaction w/cold H20: Soluble Solub. Or Reaction w/ hot H20: Soluble Litmus test: Red paper turned blue / blue no reaction Dilute HCI: Carbonated Soluble Dilute NaOH: Dense Soluble Substance: CuC03 Color: Green Odor: pungent Effect of Heat: turned black Solub. Or Reaction w/cold H20: slightly murky, but does not appear soluble Solub. Or Reaction w/ hot H20: slightly murky, but none soluble Litmus test: changes blue to red showing slight acidity Dilute HCI: carbonation and soluble Dilute NaOH: turns blue w/ slight soluble Substance: Cu(NO3)2 Color: Blue crystals Odor: slight odor Effect of Heat: melted and turned green Solub. Or Reaction w/cold H20: turned water blue and is soluble Solub. Or Reaction w/ hot H20: no change observed from the cool water and is soluble Litmus test: blue litmus turned to red for acid Dilute HCI: turned green Dilute NaOH: soluble formed Substance: NaCl Color: white crystals Odor: none observed Effect of Heat: none noted Solub. Or Reaction w/cold H20: becomes slightly soluble Solub. Or Reaction w/ hot H20: fully soluble Litmus test: red turns to blue indicating that it’s basic Dilute HCI: none observed Dilute NaOH: none observed QUESTIONS: A – Did you observe any chemical changes in this experiment? Chemical changes are observed during the experiment B – What evidence did you use to decide that something was a chemical change? Indications of chemical changes were preceded by the burning, rusting, ermenting, and decomposing of the substances. As a result, a new substance will have its own unique physical properties C – Give at least two examples of chemical changes you observed. Adding colorless sodium hydroxide to blue copper(II) nitrate produces a light blue precipitate Zinc diluted with Hydrogen Chloride is positive for a chemical reaction resulting in the formation of gas, carbonation, and darkened D à ¢â‚¬â€œ Classify the following properties of sodium metal as physical or chemical: Silver metallic color – physical Turns gray in air – chemical Melts at 98oC – physical Reacts explosively with chlorine – chemical E – Classify the following changes as physical or chemical: Water freezes at OoC – physcical change Baking soda when combined with vinegar produces bubbles:- chemical change Mothballs gradually disappear at room temperature – physical change Ice cubes in a freezer get smaller with time – physical change Baking soda loses mass as it is heated – physical chemical Tarnishing of silver – chemical change F – How would you show that dissolving table salt is a physical change? A physical change will not change the composition of a substance. When adding water to a salt, the ions of table salt are hydrated with water molecules which reduced the strong electrostatic forces of the ions. To return salt to the original state, simply remove the hydrated water molecules by boiling the table salt. Conclusions: In a chemical change one or more new substances are formed. The new substance has its own unique identity which is different from the original. It has properties that are different than those of the starting material; in addition, the original materials is not able to be reproduced by physical means.

African Music and Culture Creative Exploration

African music is developed largely by the civilizations in sub-Saharan Africa. Their traditions give emphasis to singing. This is because songs are used as means of communication.Many languages in Africa are â€Å"tone languages†.   Pitch level identifies meanings. Meanwhile, melodies and tempo of their songs go after the intonation and rhythms of the text of the songs. In general, African songs are in form of call-and-response, as if they are really talking. This shows the relationship between the music and linguistic in sub-Saharan Africa. (Genesis 1996-2006)One major effect of the Arab conquest in North Africa is in religious aspect. Islam proliferated immediately in that part of the continent. They were calling Muhammed, along with their god’s name Allah, five times in a day from thousands of towers near the mosque, which are called minarets. These minarets were spread in North Africa, South-Western Europe, and Western and Central Asia. But in other parts of Afric a, Islamization was quite a slow process. (Doi 1998)Africa is the birthplace of our habit of making music. The continent can be divided in five regions musically. North Africa has musical connection with the Arab and Islamic world. European colonization influenced music in West Africa.This region is known for classical and court music in sub-Saharan Africa. With their traditions, they preserved splendid musical heritage. (Africa 1996-2006)In Madagascar, generally, more metrical songs can be found on the coastline. Songs that are more soothing and slower are from the interior part of the place. In linguistics, it is quite mysterious.Their spoken language, Malagasy, is widely used in the country despite of the island’s large size and cultural diversity. In additional, Malagasy originated in Indonesia.   (WildMadagascar.org 2004-2006)After the resettlement of former African slaves, they got educational and job opportunities in urban areas. They engaged in cultural and scholarl y activities.They had published some newspapers and journals. They excelled in this field later. Examples of these successful Africans are Paul Laurence Dunbar, a poet-novelist, and Claude McKay, a black poet and novelist who first attracted a large number of white audience. (AFRICANS-AMERICANS 2006)REFERENCES:Africa 2006. National Geographic Society 1996-2006 [cited September 9 2006]. Available from http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/region/content.region/africa_1AFRICANS-AMERICANS 2006. The History Channel website 2006 [cited September 9 2006]. Available from http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=200351.Doi, Prof. A. Rahman I. 2006. Islam and Africa. Dr. A. Zahoor 1998 [cited September 8 2006]. Available from http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/islafrica.htmGenesis, African. 2006. African People & Culture africaguide.com 1996-2006 [cited September 8 2006]. Available from http://www.africaguide.com/culture/music.htm.WildMadagascar.org. 2006 . Malagasy, the language of Madagascar Rhett Butler 2004-2006 [cited September 9 2006]. Available from http://www.wildmadagascar.org/people/malagasy.html   

Atkins Diet’s long term effects. Does it cause stroke or heart disease Essay Example

Atkins Diet’s long term effects. Does it cause stroke or heart disease Essay Example Atkins Diet’s long term effects. Does it cause stroke or heart disease Paper Atkins Diet’s long term effects. Does it cause stroke or heart disease Paper has high content of fat, cholesterol and purines. It   casuses hyperlipidemia and ketosis which are notorious   health risks. Also hypercholesterolemia is to be found   in most   of the takers of this   diet.   Hypercholesterolemia develops rapidly even in children under this ketonic diet.. There was a Sippy diet with high fat content for peptic ulcer treatment   found to be responsible for increased incidence of coronary heart disease. Hence the above known facts of similar diets of early period seem to suggest potentially hazardous risks of Atkins diet and controlled study should be performed to rule out such risks but the study itself would be problematic because of feared risks. Study of Davies ( 1994) says that Atkins diet is rich in high protein and fat but low in carbohydrate. As the diet free of carobohydrate, fat is mobilized resulting in ketogenisis in the body. After one week of Atkins diet, carbohydrate is introduced gradually and urine is tested for ketones and to ascertain the level of   carbohydrate. This level is known as CCL (critical carbohydrate level). Ketones will not be more than this CCL. â€Å"CCL is an indicator for each individual of the amount of carbohydrates that can be consumed while allowing the person to lose weight†. (Atkins R.C. 1974). Davies concludes, yet â€Å"there is. some doubt about the safety of this diet and it should only be followed under medical supervision† (Dickerson J. W.T. and Booth E.M. 1985) Wood RJ, Volek JS, Davis SR, Dell’ova, Fernandez ML in their paper very relevant to this paper   concede that carbohydrate restricted diets (CRD) have   weight loss properties and also improvement in traditional markers for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Yet emerging CVD risk factors could not be ignored.. (Nutr Metab (Lond) 2006,May 4). Fraser J.F, Long Den P (2003 Sept 5) have found Atkins is likely to cause acute porphyrias, a condition enzymes deficiency. The Atkins diet is supposedly lacking in enzymes, which are   essential for haem biosyntheis, their conclusion supports their fear of possible triggering of ICU admissions because of   potential conditions for developing Porphyrias. â€Å"A case of relapse of panic and anxiety symptoms, after initiation of High protein, a very low carbohydrate diet† (Ehrenreich April 2006). This report is about a woman with   anxiety disorder history.   Though her panic-disorder was under control, she developed relapse of those panic symptoms after she started on Atkins diet.,apparently because of the low-carbo hydrate content.   Her medical history showed that she had relapse of the panic disorder symptoms on starting on Atkins diet and receding of those condition on withdrawl of the diet.   The report adds that it will be prudent to enquire about dieting style and changes of patients admitted for panic disorder.   An estimated   25 millions of Americans were on Atkins diet and one third of Ameican adult population kept   off too much of carbohydrates in their diet.(Gloede W: Dec 2003) In the treatment of intractable pediatric epilepsy, Atkins diet was tested for its effectiveness as a modified diet and if it would promote ketosis with liberal dose of calories. The plan was to judge the modified Atkins diet would be efficacious and well tolerated in the treatment. The study conluded â€Å"A modified Atkins diet is an effective and well-tolerated therapy for intractable pediatric epilepsy.† .( Kossoff EH et al 2006 Feb). Astrup et al (Lancet 2004 Sept) in their report titled â€Å"Atkins and other low carbohydrate diets: hoax or an effective tool for weight loss?† agree that the Atkins diet book which has been sold in 45 million copies in the last more than 30 years that its   effectiveness in reducing body weight in spite of self directed consumption of   fatty substances with reduction of carbohydrate alone to less than 30 grams per day is paradoxical but it may be due to literally absent carbohydrate causing depletion of glucose stock, excretion of bound water. And that the ketogenisis suppresses appetite with the highproetin, which not only satiates but also, is instantly decreasing food consumption.   However the study insists on a long-term study to observe fluctuations in   nutritional status and body composition while under   the low-carbohydrate diet, â€Å"and to assess fasting and postprandial cardiovascular risk factors and adverse effects. Without that information, low- carbohydrate diets cannot be recommended.† (Astrup et al 2004) While commenting that about 66% of adults in America has BMI25, 30% 30, 8% are diabetic and 24% are having metabolism disorders, Gou GT (2004) says he has compared several diet plans prevailing in the country. In his conclusions on review of books and scientific reports on diets available for weight reduction and reduction of heart disease risk.,   he agrees that Atkins diet results in weight loss with some degree of risk and that it is not useful in the long run. But it seems to stand out amongst other diets studied by him.   According to him ‘Ultra low fat ones have no tolerence, NCEP Step I is not effective, NCEP Step II Diet, low fat with Mediterranean features is effective, Common Sense Diet with restriction in calories and carbohydrates (no comment on end result), South Beach Diet as carbohydrate restricted ( no comments on end result) and Mediterranean Diet heart protective with increased longevity ( no comment on weight loss).However no diet is effective without physical exercises. Bravata et al(2003) on â€Å"Efficacy and Safety of low-carbohydrate Diets†( A systemic Review) have concluded that because of lack of evidence, they are unable   to make recommendations for or against the use of low-carbohydrate diets for use longer than 90 days or for diets of 20g/d or less of carbohydrates for people   older than 50 took part in the   study. It has been observed by them that weight reduction in participants by use of low carbohydrate diet is well established by low caloric consumption in long duration.   . Even after 30 years of Atkins type of diet, the above recent researchers still say and claim that in spite of plenty of literature their study is the first one based on synthesis of evidence collected and published. They add that their findings declare that there is no harmony among the information from medical literature to guide dietary choices. They urge immediate   studies   that will enquire into the long-term results and effects  Ã‚   of low carbohydrate diets among all the age groups   both   with and without diabetes, hyperkalemia. Kossoff Eric H proposes that if a modified Atkins diet is developed, it will greatly replace use of drugs like Phenytoin and anti-convulsants for intractable child hood epilepsy. because a   modified Atkins diet holds assurance   as an effective   therapy for both children and adults with intractable epilepsy depending on the traditional ketogenic diet.. Though this treatment has many benefits, without the active role of neurologists and dieticians, its use can only be restricted. Three studies are nearing completion at  Ã‚   Johns Hopkins Hospital (Baltimore, MD, USA), while future trial plans are also underway.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chen et al ( Lancet . 2006) in their paper titled â€Å" A life-threatening complication of Atkins diet†Ã‚   have concluded that Atkins diet which is a low carbohydrate diet will result in ketonic production as rightly suggested by Atkins to monitor the level of ketonuria. in their book.   Ketoacidosis occurs during t he treatment of refractory child hood epilepsy.   Stress due to Atkins dietary therapy will aggravate starvation-induced metabolic acidosis. However they have not come across any report on such life threatening metabolic acidosis in healthy people on Atkins diet. Their patient’s condition which prompted this study might have been due to glycogen bound water depletion and vomiting caused due to dehydration.   Generally this type of dehydration leads to metabolic alkalosis without renal failure. The patient infact   had been on Atkins diet which must have caused ketosis and her development of ketoacidosis took place when   her oral intake was reduced on pancreatitis or gastroenteritis. They have to say that this type of disorders are likely to become widely prevalent as the Atkins diet is becoming popular allover the world.   B.Frank and C.Walter ( JAMA 2002) on â€Å"optimal diets for prevention of Coronary Heart Disease† say that they have concluded on three dietary strategies as effective from the strong results coming from their metabolic studies, epediomologic investigations and clinical trials. The three dietary plans suggested by them to tackle CDH (coronary heart disease) are 1) to replace saturated and trans-fats by unsaturated fats, 2) to enhance consumption of Omega –3 fatty acids derived from fish oils and plant sources and 3) promote consumption of fruits, vegetables, nuts and whole grains. A randomized trial by Dansigner et al compares the diet plans Atkins, Omish, Weight watchers and Zone diets   and in their assessment for effectiveness in weight reduction and heart disease, they have found that all the popular diets did reduce body weight and also reduce cardiac risk factors for only one year duration. Generally dietary adherence are aborted in the middle of the therapy though accelerated compliance resulted in enhanced weight reduction and mitigation of cardiac risks.(Jama 2005. 293.43-53) None of these studies have involved long term research without which the objective of this paper is difficult to achieve except on theoretical considerations and certain premises. Rather no such adverse conditions have surfaced to prompt   long-term studies. It is not as simple as that unless volunteers come forward to subject themselves for the study. This goes to show,   the studies so far conducted suggest they are either prompted by advocates of pro-conventional diet promoters, pro-vegetarian groups or those who are really concerned among the medical fraternity without the support of long-term study participants. This also leads us to wonder if Atkins Dieters are going through or able to sustain a long term therapy for their life time without which data for the long-term side-effects are difficult to obtain. That the Atkins Diet has sold in so many million copies does not mean as many people are following the diet or Atkins Diet’s efficacy cannot be measured in terms o f sales. The obesity problem in U.S. or in any parts of the world are still in   pandemic proportions which go to prove the Atkins diet has not been effective in tackling the problem in spite of its existence for more than there decades. Conversely it should be that Atkins Diet has not been able to prevail over the obese person to follow the plan in spite of its promising features as it happens to so many good   virtues which are not necessarily followed. All these, for want of long term data for conclusion for long-term results. CONCLUSION It is the claim of the Atkins that the plan does cause weight loss when one cuts down on carbohydrates as explained above in the introduction. Besides, body weight is regulated and results in better health with a feeling of well-being to those on Atkins diet as they are forced to chose nutritional food. Diabetes is also kept at bay as intake of carbohydrate is controlled and insulin production also regulated. The   literature review seen above makes an impressive record of medical field’s observations which however is divided in opinion tilting against the diet. Aim of this paper is to arrive at   a conclusion whether Atkins Diet causes heart disease or stroke in the long run. The studies seen above suggest that Atkins diet can lead to various side effects like kidney dysfunction besides possibility of complications such as ketosis, dehydration, loss of enzymes, panic disorders, etc.   It seems to really help in the treatment of intractable epilepsy. Overweight individuals with medical problems such as heart disease, hypertension, kidney disease, and diabetes are more prone to unexpected complications than   overweight people with no health problems.   But in a weight loss plan, Atkins diet screens such potentially risky people and therefore fears are misplaced including heart diseases with which we are immediately concerned. That this diet plan was introduced 33 years ag o and it is still popular with some setbacks on the financials due to the demise of its inventor, itself is a testimony that Atkins Diet has not caused widespread heart disease epidemiology. Though there are genuine concerns about its long term sides effect to heart’s health, no scientific evidence has been established so far to disown Atkins Diet for any potential risks to the   heart. The U.S   news World Report   has reported on 6/2/2003 that obese persons did report weight loss without side effects. The blood cholesterol level also did not shoot up. It is important to note that bad cholesterol level increased a little but with corresponding increase in the good cholesterol level and triglycerides. Specifically, the diet did not cause the expected deterioration in blood cholesterol levels. (Healy).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A report in Grocer (March 2004) states that more than 3 million Britons and 30 million Americans are on Atkins Diet which only shows that there can be no long term effect on heart in the absence of scientific evidence of healthy individuals developing heart attacks after taking on to Atkins Diet, though the report is skeptical of the Diet as an unethical plan exploiting the consumers (John)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another report shows that due to restrictions on carbohydrate consumption, phytochemicals that go with it and that are responsible for preventing   heart disease, cancer, and other disorders, are also restricted and hence this aggravates   possibility of   contracting the said ailments.   It however   reconfirms that no adverse reports   have come in so far, for over intake of fat containing substances. ( Alan 2003) Although we have come across an instance of a 53 year old man Gorran forced on heart surgery allegedly due to the problems ( cholestrol increased from 146 to 230) caused by the Atkins intake,   who claimed $15,000 from Atkins in a law suit does not appear to have succeeded as Atkins has fought back saying â€Å"Atkins   stands by the science that has repeatedly reaffirmed the safety of the diet. The company believes that Gorran had been helped by the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, which promotes a vegan diet banning meat, fish, dairy and egg products and had questioned the Atkins diets approach to health in the past.†(Snack food Wholesale bakery) After the death of Dr Atkins, it has come to light that Atkins Diet has not been a product of speculation but a due to the stimulus he received from the series of study of Dr H.J.Roberts, M.D. FACP, FCCP from 1962 to 1967 at Palm Beach Institute for Medical Research, FL, which Dr Atkins admittted to Dr Roberts , as disclosed in his requiem honouring Dr Atkins.   Of particular interest to Dr Atkins was Dr Roberts’ researches relating to his findings   of carbohydrate vis-a-vis weight gain. In fact Dr Robert’s recommendations from the research finding was to   add fat and protein in the diet for management of obese patients while trying to reduce carbohydrate. Like in court findings, when the jury decides in the absence of conclusive evidence, resorts to circumstantial evidence, we are forced to take a view that Atkins Diet has not caused heart disease or stroke in the long run as during the last 33 years of its use there has been no report of heart attack or stroke if one had followed strictly the screening procedures of Dr Atkins Diet plan. Most of the adverse reports that have come in must have been either due to use of Atkins Diet by potentially–at-risk persons or stage managed by vested commercial interests. However we are not going to be complacent over the issue though on going research on Dr Atkins Diet plan may one day finally conclude in its favor. References Alan R Gaby, 8/1/2003 Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients Astrup A, Meinert Larsen T, Harper A, Lancet. 2004 Sep 4-10;364(9437):897-9. Review.   PMID: 15351198 [PubMed indexed for MEDLINE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Atkins, R.C., Dr Atkins’ Diet Revolution, Bantam Books, New York, NY, 1974. Bravata M.Dena et al, JAMA, April 9, 2003 Davies Jill (1974) Nutrition and Food Science, no 5 September October 1994 Dansinger et al, Jama, 2005: Vol 293: 43-53. Dickerson, J.W.T. and Booth, E.M., Clinical Nutrition for Nurses, Dietitians and Other Ehrenreich Mark J, M.D., Dept. of Psychiatry Univ. of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD Psychosomatics 47:178-179, April 2006 doi: 10.1176/appi.psy.47.2.178  © 2006 Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine Forster H, Fortschr Med. 1978 Sep 14; 96(34): 1697-702 Fraser JF, Long Den P Crit Care Resusc. 2003 Sep;5(3):193-7.   PMID: 16573483 [PubMed]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gloede W: Diet, Inc. Am Demogr 2003; Dec:32-34   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gou GT (2004) Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2004; 13(suppl):S4 Healy, Berandine P. 6/2/2003 U.S. News World Report John white, March 13, 2004 , Grocer   www.highbeam.com accessed on 26 May 2006 Klein Allison, How the diet plan works, howstuffworks.com/atkins.htmaccessed on 25 May 2006   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kossoff EH, McGrogan JR, Bluml RM, Pillas DJ, Rubenstein JE, Vining EP., : Epilepsia. 2006 Feb;47(2):421-4. . John M Freeman Pediatric epilepsy Center and John Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, on â€Å"use of a Modified Atkins Diet for epilepsy†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Snack Food Wholesale   Bakery   May 1,   2004 Wood RJ, Volek JS, Davis SR, Dell’ova C, Fernandez ML 2006 May 4, Nutr Metab(Lond)

History of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars

History of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars After the French Revolution transformed France and threatened the old order of Europe, France fought a series of wars against the monarchies of Europe to first protect and spread the revolution, and then to conquer territory. The later years were dominated by Napoleon and France’s enemy was seven coalitions of European states. At first,  Napoleon first bought success, transforming his military triumph into a political one, gaining the position of First Consul and then Emperor. But more war was to follow, perhaps inevitably given how Napoleon’s position was dependent upon military triumph, his predilection for solving issues through battle, and how the monarchies of Europe still looked at France as a dangerous enemy. Origins When the French revolution overthrew the monarchy of Louis XVI and declared new forms of government, the country found itself at odds with the rest of Europe. There were ideological divisions - the dynastic monarchies and empires opposed the new, partly republican thinking - and family ones, as relatives of those affected complained. But the nations of central Europe also had their eyes on dividing Poland between them, and when in 1791 Austria and Prussia issued the Declaration of Pillnitz - which asked Europe to act to restore the French monarchy – they actually worded the document to prevent war. However, France misinterpreted and decided to launch a defensive and pre-emptive war, declaring one in April 1792. The French Revolutionary Wars There were initial failures, and an invading German army took Verdun and marched close to Paris, promoting the September Massacres of Parisian prisoners. The French then pushed back at Valmy and Jemappes, before going further in their aims. On November 19th, 1792, the National Convention issued a promise of assistance to all people looking to regain their liberty, which was both a new idea for warfare and the justification to create allied buffer zones around France. On December 15th, they decreed that the revolutionary laws of France – including the dissolution of all aristocracy – were to be imported abroad by their armies. France also declared a set of expanded ‘natural borders’ for the nation, which put the emphasis on annexation rather than just ‘liberty’. On paper, France had set itself the task of opposing, if not overthrowing, every king to keep itself safe. A group of European powers opposed to these developments was now working as the First Coalition, the start of seven such groups formed to fight France before the end of 1815. Austria, Prussia, Spain, Britain and the United Provinces (Netherlands) fought back, inflicting reverses on the French which prompted the latter to declare a ‘levy en masse’, effectively mobilizing the whole of France into the army. A new chapter in warfare had been reached, and army sizes now began to rise greatly. The Rise of Napoleon and the Switch in Focus The new French armies had success against the coalition, forcing Prussia to surrender and pushing the others back. Now France took the chance to export the revolution, and the United Provinces became the Batavian Republic. In 1796, the French Army of Italy was judged to have been underperforming and was given a new commander called Napoleon Bonaparte, who’d first been noticed in the siege of Toulon. In a dazzling display of manoeuvre, Napoleon defeated Austrian and allied forces and forced the Treaty of Campo Formio, which earned France the Austrian Netherlands, and cemented the position of the French-allied republics in North Italy. It also allowed Napoleon’s army, and the commander himself, to gain large amounts of looted wealth. Napoleon was then given a chance to pursue a dream: attack in the Middle East, even on into threatening the British in India, and he sailed to Egypt in 1798 with an army. After initial success, Napoleon failed in a siege of Acre. With the French fleet seriously damaged in the Battle of the Nile against British Admiral Nelson, the Army of Egypt was greatly restricted: it could not get reinforcements and it could not leave. Napoleon soon left – some critics might say abandoned – this army to return to France when it looked like a coup would take place. Napoleon was able to become the centerpiece of a plot, levering his success and power in the army to become First Consul of France in the Coup of Brumaire in 1799. Napoleon then acted against the forces of the Second Coalition, an alliance which had gathered to exploit Napoleon’s absence and which involved Austria, Britain, Russia, the Ottoman Empire and other smaller states. Napoleon won the Battle of Marengo in 1800. Along with a victory by French general Moreau at Hohenlinden against Austria, France was thus able to defeat the Second Coalition. The result was France as the dominant power in Europe, Napoleon as a national hero and a possible end to the warfare and chaos of the revolution. The Napoleonic Wars Britain and France were briefly at peace but soon argued, the former wielding a superior navy and great wealth. Napoleon planned an invasion of Britain and gathered an army to do so, but we don’t know how serious he was about ever carrying it out. But Napoleon’s plans became irrelevant when Nelson again defeated the French with his iconic victory at Trafalgar, shattering Napoleon’s naval strength. A third coalition now formed in 1805, allying Austria, Britain, and Russia, but victories by Napoleon at Ulm and then the masterpiece of Austerlitz broke the Austrians and Russians and forced an end to the third coalition. In 1806 there were Napoleonic victories, over Prussia at Jena and Auerstedt, and in 1807 the Battle of Eylau was fought between a fourth coalition army of Prussians and Russians against Napoleon. A draw in the snow in which Napoleon was nearly captured, this marks the first major setback for the French General. The stalemate led to the Battle of Friedland, where Napoleon did win against Russia and ended the Fourth Coalition. The Fifth coalition formed and had success by blunting Napoleon at the Battle Aspern-Essling in 1809, when Napoleon tried to force a way across the Danube. But Napoleon regrouped and tried once more, fighting the Battle of Wagram against Austria. Napoleon won, and the Archduke of Austria open peace talks. Much of Europe was now either under direct French control or technically allied. There were other wars – Napoleon invaded Spain to install his brother as king, but instead triggered a brutal guerrilla war and the presence of a successful British field army under Wellington – but Napoleon remained largely master of Europe, creating new states such as the German Confederation of the Rhine, giving crowns to family members, but bizarrely forgiving some difficult subordinates. The Disaster in Russia The relationship between Napoleon and Russia began to fall apart, and Napoleon resolved to act quickly to overawe the Russian tsar and bring him to heel. To this end, Napoleon gathered what was probably the largest army ever assembled in Europe, and certainly a force too big to adequately support. Looking for a quick, dominant victory, Napoleon pursued a retreating Russian army deep into Russia, before winning the carnage that was the Battle of Borodino and then taking Moscow. But it was a pyrrhic victory, as Moscow was set alight and Napoleon was forced to retreat through the bitter Russian winter, damaging his army and ruining the French cavalry. The Final Years With Napoleon on the back foot and obviously vulnerable, a new Sixth Coalition was organized in 1813, and pushed across Europe, advancing where Napoleon was absent, and retreating where he was present. Napoleon was forced back as his ‘allied’ states took the chance to throw off the French yoke. 1814 saw the coalition enter the borders of France and, abandoned by his allies in Paris and many of his marshals, Napoleon was forced into surrendering. He was sent to the island of Elba in exile. The 100 Days With time to think while exiled in Elba, Napoleon resolved to try again, and in 1815 he returned to Europe. Amassing an army as he marched to Paris, turning those sent against him to his service, Napoleon attempted to rally support by making liberal concessions. He soon found himself faced by another coalition, the Seventh of the French Revolutionary and Napoleon Wars, which included Austria, Britain, Prussia and Russia. Battles were fought at Quatre Bras and Ligny before the Battle of Waterloo, where an allied army under Wellington withstood the French forces under Napoleon until a Prussian army under Blà ¼cher arrived to give the coalition the decisive advantage. Napoleon was defeated, retreated, and forced to abdicate once more. Peace The monarchy was restored in France, and the heads of Europe gathered at the Congress of Vienna to redraw the map of Europe. Over two decades of tumultuous warfare had finished, and Europe would not be so disrupted again until World War 1 in 1914. France had used two million men as soldiers, and up to 900,000 had not come back. Opinion varies on whether the war devastated a generation, some arguing that the level of conscription was only a fraction of the possible total, others pointing out that the casualties came heavily from one age group.